Keynote Lectures

Human Sensors - Perspectives on the Digital Self
Stephen Fairclough, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom, United Kingdom

State of the Art and Future Developments of Measurement Applications on Smartphones
Pasquale Daponte, University of Sannio, Italy, Italy

A Tiny Laboratory under the Skin
Sandro Carrara, Independent Researcher, Switzerland, Switzerland

Real-Time Wireless Control Networks for Cyber-Physical Systems
Chenyang Lu, Washington University in St. Louis, United States, United States

Security Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks
Utz Roedig, Lancaster University, United Kingdom, United Kingdom

Physiological Computing for Outdoor Activities
António Câmara, Independent Researcher, Portugal, Portugal

Verification and Performance Analysis of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems using UPPAAL
Kim G. Larsen, Aalborg University, Denmark, Denmark

Dielectric Waveguide Amplifiers and Lasers
Markus Pollnau, University of Twente, Netherlands, Netherlands

Abstract
The availability of ambulatory sensors has created the potential to capture both overt and covert aspects of human physiology. The interpretation of data is a real challenge for this field, especially if we move towards multidimensional representations of behaviour. This talk is concerned with the concept of the digital self as a representation of behaviour that is generated by real-time monitoring of human physiology. Research on several applications related to the digital self and physiological computing will be described including: using physiology to tag experience, physiological monitoring to gain insight into the self and using these data to enable intelligent software interaction. The potential to aggregate data from the digital self to represent the behaviour of groups is also explored with reference to shared experience, digital memories and the use of populations as monitors. This digital self can be used to drive interactions with technology or used for the purpose of introspection and self-regulation. The practical benefits of the digital self (enabling smart technology, monitoring the vulnerable) are contrasted with the potential for disruptive psychological effects (a divided view of the self).

Abstract
The modern smartphones contain different sensor technologies, so they can be used as stand-alone measurement instruments on a wide range of application domains. The presentation deals with a survey of measurement applications based on smartphones. In the first part, the evolution of mobile phone technologies, including the sensors and mobile networks developments, is presented. Then, in order to highlight the sensors and the communication capabilities, the architectural overview of the hardware and software technologies, which are available on latest series of smartphones, is reported and discussed. A review of measurements applications using the smart sensors and the communication interfaces available on smartphones, it is also presented. A classification of smartphone applications, which looks the smartphone as a handheld measurement instrument, is presented. In the last part, the integration of augmented reality to the measurement applications and new type of measurement systems, having a smartphone as processing support, is presented.

Abstract
The development of Integrated electrochemical CMOS-Bio-Sensors [1] for diagnosis and/or treatment of patients with specific physiological conditions (e.g., heart, cardiovascular, cancer diseases) or convalescents is a key factor to provide better, more rationale, effective and ultimately low-cost health care also at home. The ultimate goal of improved health care on those subjects is the extension of the patients’ autonomy, the possibility for auto-monitoring, the improvement of their comfort levels and their integration into everyday life. On-line monitoring is also required in professionals and recreational sportsmen training, as well as in elderly and/or disabled citizen care and/or people involved in public utilities (e.g. the public-transportation drivers). For those, it is a key aspect the maintenance of their safety by through embedded systems to alert emergency services in the event of a potentially dangerous situation. Some systems for on-line monitoring are available in the market. They use wearable devices (accelerometers, heartbeat monitoring system, etc). However, all these systems do not measure the human metabolism at molecular level (metabolites). The only available real-time, implantable/wearable systems for metabolic control are limited to glucose monitoring and used only for diabetic patients. However, electrochemical sensors may address so many other molecules, which have crucial relevance in human metabolism of chronic patients. So far, there are no available integrated nano-bio-systems for multi-metabolites, real-time, remote monitoring of the human metabolism. Thus, the aim of this keynote speech is to present innovative concepts for multi-panel, highly integrated, fully implantable, remotely powered and real-time monitoring systems for human metabolism at molecular level. The core of the presented system is an extremely integrated implantable chip that can be seen as a tiny molecular laboratory located under the patient’s skin for providing molecular telemetry. The considered metabolic molecules are glucose, lactate, glutamate, ATP [2], and anticancer drugs as well as anti-inflammatory ones [3]. In case of drugs, the specificity of electrochemical sensors is improved at system level [4]. The proposed nanotechnology is based on carbon nanotubes to improve the sensors performance [3, 5]. To pursue the molecular detection, innovative VLSI solutions [6] are discussed including new ideas on the remote powering [7]. The new approach is obtained by integrating nano/bio/micro/CMOS/SW/RF systems in three devices: (i) a fully implantable sensors array for data acquisition (the tiny laboratory!); (ii) an on-skin intelligent-patch for remote powering and Bluetooth® connections; (iii) a mobile phone for data collection, elaboration, storage, and retransmission. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1] Sandro Carrara (Au), Bio/CMOS interfaces and co-design, Springer, New York, 2012 [2] Sandro Carrara, Léandre Bolomey, Cristina Boero, Andrea Cavallini, Eric Meurville, Giovanni De Micheli, Fabio Grassi, Tanja Rezzonico, Remote System for Monitoring Animal Models with Single-Metabolite Bio-Nano-Sensors, IEEE Sensors, 13(2013) 1018-1024 [3] Sandro Carrara, Andrea Cavallini, Victor Erokhin, Giovanni De Micheli, Multi-panel drugs detection in human serum for personalized therapy, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26 (2011) 3914–3919 [4] Camilla Baj-Rossi, Giovanni De Micheli, Sandro Carrara, Electrochemical Detection of Anti-Breast-Cancer Agents in Human Serum by Cytochrome P450-Coated Carbon Nanotubes, Sensors 12 (2012) 6520-6537 [5] Cristina Boero, Sandro Carrara, Giovanna Del Vecchio, Laura Calzà, Giovanni De Micheli, Highly-Sensitive Carbon Nanotubes-Based Sensing for Glucose and Lactate Monitoring in Cell Culture, IEEE Transaction on Nanobiology, 10(2011) 59-67 [6] S. Sara Ghoreishizadeh, Irene Taurino, Sandro Carrara, and Giovanni De Micheli, A Current-Mode Potentiostat for Multi-Target Detection Tested with Different Lactate Biosensors, IEEE International Conference BioCAS 2012, 28-30 November 2012, Hsinchu, Taiwan, pp. 128 – 131 [7] Jacopo Olivo, Sandro Carrara, and Giovanni De Micheli, A study of Multi-Layer Spiral Inductors for Remote Powering of Implantable Sensors, IEEE Transaction of Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2013, in press

Abstract
Wireless control systems represent a new frontier of cyber-physical systems. Rapid adoption of wireless sensing and actuation networking standards has demonstrated the feasibility of reliable wireless communication for industrial automation. However, wireless control networks face significant challenges in meeting real-time communication requirements of control systems. Furthermore, close coupling between control and communication requires a cyber-physical co-design approach to optimize control performance under stringent resources constraints. This talk will present recent advancements in real-time wireless control networks including (1) a new real-time wireless scheduling theory for fast real-time performance analysis of wireless control networks; (2) a scheduling-control co-design approach to optimizing the sampling rates of feedback control loops sharing a wireless control network; and (3) Wireless Cyber-Physical Simulator (WCPS), a holistic environment for realistic simulations of large-scale wireless control systems, as well as two case studies of wireless structural control for resilient civil infrastructure.

Abstract
We depend on Wireless Sensor Networks in our daily life. For instance, such systems are used for building automation, traffic management, process automation in factories and plants and are used to monitor patients in hospitals. It is therefore necessary to implement security mechanisms for these systems to ensure resilience against attacks and to prevent misuse. For example, you would like to prevent your neighbour from switching on and off the lights within your smart home. In this talk I will first discuss the general security challenges in wireless sensor networks. In particular, I intend to describe why it is difficult to transfer existing security mechanisms into the wireless sensor network domain. Current security WSN research challenges are outlined and open research questions and areas that require attention are highlighted. My recent work has addressed some of the open issues. I want to show you how WSNs can be interconnected securely with the Internet using 6LowPAN extensions for IPSec.

Furthermore, I will describe how secure data storage on sensor nodes can be implemented and integrated with secure communication to provide true end-to-end security. The keynote shall conclude with a discussion on novel security mechanisms such as distance based authentication and wireless firewalls and I will show how these mechanisms can be implemented and how they may help to secure future WSN deployments.

Abstract
Physiological computing for outdoor activities may involve data collection from sensors, local actuators, a communications infra structure, and processing. User interface design is mostly centered on sensor, sensor-actuator, and computing devices, both mobile and fixed. For illustrative purposes two case studies are presented: the development of an infrastructure for firemen; and the application of physiological computing to football.

Abstract
Timed automata, priced timed automata and energy automata have emerged as useful formalisms for modeling a real-time and energy-aware systems as found in several embedded and cyber-physical systems. Whereas the real-time model checker UPPAAL allows for efficient verification of hard timing constraints of timed automata, model checking of priced timed automata and energy automata are in general undecidable -- notable exception being cost-optimal reachability for priced timed automata as supported by the branch UPPAAL Cora. These obstacles are overcome by UPPAAL-SMC, the new highly scalable engine of UPPAAL, which supports (distributed) statistical model checking of stochastic hybrid systems with respect to weighted metric temporal logic. The talk will review UPPAAL-SMC and its applications to the domains of energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks, schedulability and execution time analysis for mixed criticality systems, battery-aware scheduling with respect to correctness, fault- and performance analysis. In the talk I will also indicate how UPPAAL SMC may play be of benefit for counter example generation, refinement checking, testing, controller synthesis and optimization.

Abstract
The performance of semiconductor amplifiers and lasers has made them the preferred choice for optical gain on a micro-chip. In the past few years, we have demonstrated that also rare-earth-ion-doped dielectric waveguides show remarkable performance, ranging from a small-signal gain per unit length of 1000 dB/cm, via integrated distributed-feedback lasers with ultra-narrow linewidths in the 1-kHz range, to 1.6 W of output power from a fundamental-mode channel waveguide laser with a slope efficiency exceeding 80%. These performance parameters, combined with the distinct advantages of rare-earth ions, their long emission lifetimes, temporally and spatially stable gain, high-speed amplification into the Tb/s regime, reduced time jitter in ultrafast-pulse generation, and reasonably low heat generation, make these dielectric devices viable alternatives that can easily compete with the common semiconductor devices.