SENSORNETS 2013 Abstracts

Area 1 - Sensor Networks Software and Architectures

Full Papers

Paper Nr:	5
Title:	Secure UHF Tags with Strong Cryptography - Development of ISO/IEC 18000-63 Compatible Secure RFID Tags and Presentation of First Results
Authors:	Walter Hinz, Klaus Finkenzeller and Martin Seysen
Abstract:	This paper presents a concept for an UHF tag supporting cryptographically strong authentication which is based on the Rabin-Montgomery public key cryptosystem in accordance with the framework of ISO/IEC 29167-1. It uses an easily computable long integer square operation for the public key encryption of a tag ID record. Only a legitimate interrogator who is in possession of the private key can decrypt this message and retrieve the authentic tag ID. A working prototype based on a standard FPGA is shown which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed cryptographic function.
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Paper Nr:	44
Title:	Multi-protocol Scheduling for Service Provision in WSN
Authors:	Michael Breza, Shusen Yang and Julie McCann
Abstract:	Currently, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) systems are made of aggregates of different, non-related protocols which often fail to function simultaneously. We present a self-organising solution that focuses on queue length scheduling. To start, we define a network model and use it to prove that our solution is throughput optimal. Then we evaluate it on two different WSN test-beds. Our results show that within the theoretical communication capacity region of our WSN we outperform the current solutions by as much as 35%.
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Paper Nr:	49
Title:	Optimizing QoS in Wireless Sensors Networks using a Caching Platform
Authors:	Rémy Léone, Paolo Medagliani and Jérémie Leguay
Abstract:	This paper addresses monitoring and surveillance applications using Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs). In this context, several remote clients are interested in receiving the information collected by the nodes of a WSN. As WSN devices are most of the time constrained in energy and processing, we present a caching architecture that will help reducing unnecessary communications and adapting the network to application needs. Our aim here is to cache information in order to improve the overall network lifetime, while meeting requirements of external applications in terms information freshness. We first describe and evaluate the performance of our caching system using a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)-HTTP proxy. We then extend this work by showing how the cache could be enriched and exploited using cross-layer data. Based on information from routing packets and estimations of nodes power consumption, we derive an optimization strategy which allows to either maximize the user satisfaction, expressed in terms of freshness of cached data, in the presence of constraints on network lifetime, or jointly maximize network lifetime and user satisfaction, obtaining a set of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions.
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Short Papers

Paper Nr:	10
Title:	STaR: Security Transparency and Reconfigurability for Wireless Sensor Networks Programming
Authors:	Roberta Daidone, Gianluca Dini and Marco Tiloca
Abstract:	Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to security attacks. To protect the network from potential adversaries, it is necessary to secure communications between sensor nodes. If we consider a network of heterogeneous objects including WSNs, security requirements may be far more complex. A single application may deal with different traffic flows, each one of which may have different security requirements, that possibly change over time. In this paper, we present STaR, a software component which provides security transparency and reconfigurability for WSNs programming. STaR allows for securing multiple traffic flows at the same time according to specified security policies, and is transparent to the application, i.e. no changes to the original application or the communication protocol are required. STaR can be easily reconfigured at runtime, thus coping with changes of security requirements. Finally, we present our implementation of STaR for Tmote Sky motes, and evaluate it in terms of memory occupancy, communication overhead, and energy consumption.
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Paper Nr:	15
Title:	Design of an Intelligent Middleware for Flexible Sensor Configuration in M2M Systems
Authors:	Niels Reijers, Kwei-Jay Lin, Yu-Chung Wang, Chi-Sheng Shih and Jane Y. Hsu
Abstract:	Most current sensor network applications are built for fixed sensor platforms with a specific wireless network support, building on top of a lightweight OS or even directly on the hardware, and writing applications in an imperative way and from each local node’s perspective. This results in software that supports only a specific set of sensors, and difficult to be ported to other platforms. Such software is not acceptable in machine-to-machine (M2M) systems where applications must run on platforms that are inter-operatable and may evolve with time. In this paper we present a project on building intelligent middleware for M2M. The middleware is designed to perform automatic sensor identification, node configuration, application upgrade, and system re-configuration. It allows system developers to specify the application behavior at a higher level, instead of telling each sensor node what to do. A prototype design is presented, as well as the status of our current implementation.
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Paper Nr:	32
Title:	Platform-integrated Sensors and Personalized Sensing in Smart Buildings
Authors:	Milan Milenkovic, Thanh Dang, Ulf Hanebutte and Yonghong Huang
Abstract:	We propose, implement, and evaluate a pervasive sensing system that is capable of collecting data from sensors that may surround a user in a given setting. Such systems will enable creation of new types of applications that span across devices, users, and domains based on spatial, temporal, and social aggregations of sensor data. Key innovation in our work is a sensing fabric that collects data from a variety of sensors and leverages platform-integrated sensors, which are built into hosting devices, such as laptops and tablets. These sensors can significantly improve sensing in enterprise settings and they are comparatively inexpensive to manufacture, deploy, and maintain. Our system embodies three key architectural principles: (1) support for a variety of sensor types including platform-integrated sensors for pervasive sensing, (2) use of Internet protocols for sensor connectivity, web technologies and programming model for application development, and (3) use a hybrid sensor database design with a document-oriented component to improve flexibility and performance. We evaluate our implementation in real-world pilots for several months and 73 users. Our results demonstrate that platform-integrated sensors can provide accurate sensing data, have negligible impact on operations of a hosting platform, and that our architecture can provide sensing services across users and devices over a sustained period of time.
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Paper Nr:	34
Title:	Plug-configure-Play Service-oriented Gateway - For Fast and Easy Sensor Network Application Development
Authors:	Lin Wu, YongJun Xu, ChaoNong Xu and Fei Wang
Abstract:	Sensor Networks are typically designed for specific applications. We propose to transfer application-specific tasks from internal sensor networks to external applications, and making sensor networks universal infrastructure connected with gateways. This paper illustrates how we make the development of external sensor network applications fast and easy through our elaborately-designed gateway. Our “smart” gateway is resource-oriented other than just interconnects different networks transparently. It encapsulates the data, capabilities and information of heterogeneous sensor networks to homogenous resources. Besides, the gateway is plug-configure-play in the sense that it’s a common gateway for any type of sensor networks. A universal program and information related with specific sensor networks are separated in the gateway, and you can update the information (i.e., configuration) easily. In this paper, we realize and verify our ideas in practice.
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Paper Nr:	43
Title:	Accurate Online Estimation of Battery Lifetime for Wireless Sensors Network
Authors:	Emmanuel Nataf and Olivier Festor
Abstract:	Battery is a major hardware component of every device in a wireless sensor network. Most of them have no power supply and are generally deployed for a long time. Investigations have been done on battery physical models and their adaptation to sensors. We present an adaptation and instanciation of such a model on a real sensor operating system and how architectural constraints have been considered. Experiments have been made in order to test the impact of several parameters on the battery lifetime.
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Paper Nr:	51
Title:	A Data Logger for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors:	Giuseppe Amato, Stefano Chessa, Claudio Gennaro, Daniele Pallini and Claudio Vairo
Abstract:	Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are often used to monitor environmental data because of their low cost. However, writing applications for such a technology requires not trivial programming skills. Moreover it is not easy to find available general purpose tools that can be used to perform a monitoring task with a WSN because usually such tools are focused on a specific application scenario. In this paper we present a tool for the real-time acquisition of data from a set of Mote sensors and for the storage of the acquired data in the flash memory of the sensors. The tool provides functionalities to retrieve the stored data in the sink node, to insert them in a database and to visualize them by means of a graphical user interface that runs on a linux-based PC. The tool that we propose consists of both the software that runs on the PC and the software to be installed on Motes.
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Paper Nr:	8
Title:	IT Lessons Learnt from Real Time Dike Monitoring
Authors:	Matthijs Vonder and Bram van der Waaij
Abstract:	The Dutch lowlands are protected by many kilometres of dikes. Currently these dikes are visually inspected on a regular basis. During heavy weather this frequency is raised, up to 24/7 in very extreme situations. After a dike failure at the Dutch town Wilnis in 2003, the question was raised whether modern sensor technology could be used to assess extra information on dike conditions. To answer this question, different experiments have been conducted in order to gain more knowledge about dike failure mechanisms and to validate real time sensor dike monitoring in existing dikes. Based on these use cases, this paper presents several IT lessons learnt and future IT challenges concerning data storage, anomaly detection and dike stability models in relation to CPU power usage for small, medium and large scale dike monitoring.
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Paper Nr:	9
Title:	A Smartphone-based Posture Measurement System for Physical Therapy Applications - Synchronization of Multiple Devices via Bluetooth Network
Authors:	Noriaki Ikeda, Kai Ishida, Yoshitaka Shiba, Kousuke Mizuno, Noritaka Mamorita and Akihiro Takeuchi
Abstract:	A smartphone-based measurement system was developed for the purpose of measuring time series data for posture in the physical therapy field. We used the iPod touch (Apple Inc.) as hardware and iOS SDK as a software development tool. Posture data (pitch, roll and yaw) were taken directly from Euler angles or by transformation from quaternion data (qw, qx, qy, qz) to the Euler angles, depending on the orientation of the device. This approach allows continuity of data values. Data were stored in the Documents directory of the iOS Appli as a file in CSV format, which can be transferred to a PC via iTunes or sent by email as an attached file if a WiFi environment is available. In order to synchronize two devices, communication via Bluetooth was implemented. The accuracy of the data was checked by comparing with the OPTOTRAK data. Variation of posture while standing still and walking was recorded using this system for 50 elderly subjects.
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Paper Nr:	31
Title:	The Wireless Sensor Network and Local Computational Unit in the Neighbourhood Area Network of the Smart Grid
Authors:	Zoya Pourmirza and John M. Brooke
Abstract:	The Smart Grid intends to provide good power quality, energy cost reduction and improve the reliability of the electricity Grid. Electricity Grids exist across a wide hierarchy of voltages and spatial scales. In this paper we particularly investigate the deployment of monitoring systems in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city. Monitoring at this level of the Grid is very underdeveloped, since most current Grids are controlled centrally and the response of the neighbourhood area is not generally monitored or actively controlled. We develop a communications architecture that can integrate sensor network applications. We provide both for sensors that directly measure the electricity activity of the network and also sensors that measure the environment (e.g. temperature) since these provide information that can be used to anticipate demand and improve control actions. Energy efficiency is a major design driver for our architecture. Finally we analyse the optimal number of clusters in a wireless sensor network for collecting and transmitting data to the local control unit for applying finer-grained control.
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Paper Nr:	55
Title:	UML Modelling of Design Patterns for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:	John K. Jacoub, Ramiro Liscano, Jeremy S. Bradbury and Jared Fisher
Abstract:	Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) systems are deployed to monitor specific phenomena. The design of WSNs is prone to errors and debugging and is very challenging due to the complex interactions of software components in a sensor node. This paper presents a set of UML patterns that can be used as a basis for software design of WSN systems. The UML patterns are used to capture the design components, the application flow, the components’ behaviour, and the interaction between the components and the application design. The design patterns for WSNs are justified by applying them to the WSN-RFID application that integrates RFIDs and sensor nodes in order to support authenticated point-to-point communication with a sensor node.
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Area 2 - Wireless Information Networks

Full Papers

Paper Nr:	24
Title:	On the Pitfalls of Desynchronization in Multi-hop Topologies
Authors:	Clemens Mühlberger
Abstract:	Biologically inspired self-organization methods can help to manage the access control to the shared communication medium of wireless ad-hoc networks. One lightweight method is the primitive of desynchronization, which has already been implemented as MAC protocol for single-hop topologies successfully. Here, each periodically transmitting node is able to establish a collision-free TDMA schedule autonomously. However, multi-hop topologies are more realistic, but also more difficult to handle. For instance, the hidden terminal problem is inherent in such topologies and complicates an implementation of this primitive as MAC protocol for multi-hop topologies: Each node requires knowledge about its two-hop neighborhood to establish a collision-free TDMA schedule. Moreover, the problem of stale information is inherent in the primitive of desynchronization and even could destabilize the whole system. In this paper we describe our experience when extending a single-hop MAC protocol based on the primitive of desynchronization for its usage within multi-hop topologies. During development, we identified some pitfalls of desynchronization in multi-hop topologies, like stale information. As a result, we present our solution of a self-organized MAC protocol based on the primitive of desynchronization for multi-hop topologies.
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Short Papers

Paper Nr:	23
Title:	Adaptive Active Period Control for Low Power Consumption and Low Latency in Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:	Narumi Kai, Shiro Sakata and Nobuyoshi Komuro
Abstract:	IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled mode can use the superframe structure for data transmission. In using the superframe structure, the duty cycle of the wireless personal area network defined by the values of the beacon order (BO) and superframe order (SO) can be adjusted in order to achieve high channel utilization and low power consumption. The optimum values of BO and SO vary according to the network condition. The present paper proposes a novel method that achieves low power consumption and low latency in a multi-hop wireless sensor network. In the proposed method, active periods in the superframe structure are appropriately assigned to routing nodes according to the network topology prior to data transmission, and the values of SO are adaptively adjusted depending on the traffic load. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Paper Nr:	25
Title:	Self-stabilizing TDMA Algorithms for Dynamic Wireless Ad-hoc Networks
Authors:	Pierre Leone and Elad M. Schiller
Abstract:	In dynamic wireless ad-hoc networks (DynWANs), autonomous computing devices set up a network for the communication needs of the moment. These networks require the implementation of a medium access control (MAC) layer. We consider MAC protocols for DynWANs that need to be autonomous and robust as well as have high bandwidth utilization, high predictability degree of bandwidth allocation, and low communication delay in the presence of frequent topological changes to the communication network. Recent studies have shown that existing implementations cannot guarantee the necessary satisfaction of these timing requirements. We propose a self-stabilizing MAC algorithm for DynWANs that guarantees a short convergence period, and by that, it can facilitate the satisfaction of severe timing requirements, such as the above. Besides the contribution in the algorithmic front of research, we expect that our proposal can enable quicker adoption by practitioners and faster deployment of DynWANs, such as the IEEE 802.11p for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs).
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Paper Nr:	30
Title:	Intellectus - Intelligent Sensor Motes in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors:	Tiziana Campana and Gregory M. P. O'Hare
Abstract:	A diverse range of faults and errors can occur within a wireless sensor network (WSN), and it is difficult to predict and classify them, especially post-deployment within the environment. Current monitoring and debugging techniques prove deficient for systems which contain bugs characteristic of both distributed and embedded systems. The challenge that faces researchers is how to comprehensively address network, node and data level anomalies within WSNs through the creation, collection and aggregation of local state information while minimizing additional network traffic and node energy expenditure. This paper introduces Intellectus which seeks to develop sensor motes that are both self and environment aware. The sensor node relies on local information in order to monitor itself and that of its neighborhood, by adding a learning approach based upon perceived events and their associated frequency.
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Paper Nr:	37
Title:	Fault-tolerant Coverage in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:	Akshaye Dhawan and Magdalena Parks
Abstract:	In this paper, we present methods to detect and recover from sensor failure in dense wireless sensor networks. In order to extend the lifetime of a sensor network while maintaining coverage, a minimal subset of the deployed sensors are kept active while the other sensors can enter a low power sleep state. Several distributed algorithms for coverage have been proposed in the literature. Faults are of particular concern in coverage algorithms since sensors go into a sleep state in order to conserve battery until woken up by active sensors. If these active sensors were to fail, this could lead to lapses in coverage that are unacceptable in critical applications. Also, most algorithms in the literature rely on an active sensor that is about to run out of battery waking up its neighbors to trigger a reshuffle in the network. However, this would not work in the case of unexpected failures since a sensor cannot predict the occurrence of such an event. We present detection and recovery from sensor failure in dense networks. Our algorithms exploit the density in the recover scheme. The fault tolerance comes at a small cost to the network lifetime with observed lifetime being reduced by 6-10% in our simulation studies.
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Paper Nr:	41
Title:	Energy Performance of High Data Rate and Low Power Transceiver based Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors:	Nanhao Zhu and Ian O’Connor
Abstract:	Emerging Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are receiving increasing interest from researchers and designers. Specific requirements for small-scale dimensions, low-latency, lightweight and limited power capacity mean that the key challenge in WBANs design is in the adoption of energy-efficient strategies for better system performance, and in the efficient use of high data-rate and ultra-low-power transceivers. This paper presents a high-level energy-aware SystemC-based model and simulation of Nordic’s Enhanced ShockBurst (ESB) and ShockBurst (SB) baseband protocol engine. The model includes data from Energy consumption experiments using nRF24L01+ transceiver, enabling detailed exploration of energy conversation strategies. With this model, we show that a high data-rate ESB and SB transmission at 2Mbps can save more than 60% and 80% energy respectively, and it has 3x higher lifetime expectancy than the 250Kbps low data-rate communication with a payload collecting strategy.
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Paper Nr:	46
Title:	Energy-based Metric for the Routing Protocol in Low-power and Lossy Network
Authors:	Patrick Olivier Kamgueu, Emmanuel Nataf, Thomas Djotio and Olivier Festor
Abstract:	Saving power while ensuring acceptable service levels is a major concern in wireless sensor networks, since nodes are usually deployed and not replaced in case of breakdown. Several efforts have recently led to the standardization of a routing protocol for low power and lossy network. The standard provides various metrics, which can be used to guide the routing. Most protocol implementations use expected transmission count as routing metric, thus focus on the link reliability. To our knowledge, there is no protocol implementation that uses nodes remaining energy for next hop selection. This paper discusses the usage of the latter as a routing metric for the Routing Protocol in Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL). We design an objective function for that metric and compared experiments result with the most popular expected transmission count scheme.
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Area 3 - Data Manipulation

Full Papers

Paper Nr:	29
Title:	Resonant Acoustic Sensor System for the Wireless Monitoring of Injection Moulding
Authors:	F. Müller, P. O'Leary, G. Rath, C. Kukla, M. Harker, T. Lucyshyn and C. Holzer
Abstract:	The production of high quality plastic parts requires in-mould sensors to monitor the injection moulding process. A novel wireless sensor concept is presented where structure borne sound is used to transmit information from the inside of an injection mould to the outside surface, eliminating the need for cabling within the mould. The sound is acquired and analyzed using new algebraic basis function techniques to enable the detection of temporal occurrence of frequency patterns in the presence of large levels of noise. The temporal occurrence of the resonators represents the passing melt front. The reduction of spectral leakage is computed by an alternative method using low degree Gram polynomials. The computation of the pattern matching algorithm yields both the correlation coefficients and their covariances which are used to determine the certainty of the measurement. The paper presents the used mathematical background as well as real measurements performed on an injection moulding machine. A test mould was equipped with two different resonant structures. Besides calculating the correlation coefficients the 3s confidence interval of the coefficients is computed. With the novel algebraic approach a reliable separation of the two temporal points of occurrence of the resonant structures was computed.
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Paper Nr:	40
Title:	Semi-quantitative Monitoring of VOCs Emission Decay based on Gas Sensor Array and Graphical Display
Authors:	Andrzej Szczurek and Monika Maciejewska
Abstract:	We propose a method of evaluating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission decay semi-quantitatively. The method utilizes continuous measurements performed with gas sensor array and the simultaneous visualization of measurement data. Individual VOCs are evaluated against the graphically displayed quantitative criteria, which describe the stages of the emission process. Based on the displayed information, human operator evaluates the gas mixture composed of the emitted VOCs. In order to visualize the data together with the quantitative criteria the two-dimensional feature space was proposed. A number of issues were discussed in this work regarding the selection of the adequate feature spaces and suitable methods of their partitioning in order to reflect the stages of the VOCs emission process in the structure of the feature space.
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Short Papers

Paper Nr:	35
Title:	Inertial Navigation System for Emergency Responders - A Foot Mounted Dead Reckoning System
Authors:	Thies Keulen
Abstract:	It comes as no surprise that the jobs of first responders like police and firemen can be, and often are very perilous. Police teams entering a building to arrest crime suspects, or fire-fighters entering an ablaze building, bring with them serious hazards. For these kinds of situations, some sort of navigation module to keep track of a person’s location at all times would be a solution. However, the fact that these situations occur mostly inside buildings, complicates the picture. This paper presents research done on a foot mounted inertial navigation system using zero velocity updates. These updates are done based on steps detected by a pressure sensor. Current results show that this is a promising technique but there are still problems with magnetic deviation due to metal in the building. Future work consist of adding other sensors such as a barometric pressure sensor for floor height and ultrasonic range finding to perform simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).
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Area 4 - Signal Processing

Short Papers

Paper Nr:	13
Title:	An Algorithm for Extended Dynamic Range Video in Embedded Systems
Authors:	Alberto Ferrante, Massimo Chelodi, Francesco Bruschi and Valeria Mozzetti
Abstract:	Video cameras are gaining popularity in embedded systems, either used directly or as sensing devices. Being embedded systems often portable, they can be employed in different environments with various lightning conditions; mutating lightning conditions may pose some problems to conventional video-cameras. Yet, highdynamic range video-cameras can be too expensive for certain applications. In this paper we propose an algorithm that extends the dynamic range of common video-cameras by using limited computational resources, yet exploiting the original frame rate of the camera. Furthermore, we discuss some results obtained by using our algorithm coupled with a commercial webcam.
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Paper Nr:	39
Title:	Evaluation of RSS-based Position Tracking using WSNs for Resource Localization in an Indoor Construction Environment
Authors:	Meimanat Soleimanifar, Ming Lu, Ioanis Nikolaidis and Xuesong Shen
Abstract:	Timely information of construction resource is always a concern and an essential task for construction engineers and managers. In the recent past, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a promising means to improve the current construction localization applications due to the ease of deployment and expandability to large scale construction projects, low cost, and capacity to function efficiently under dynamic and rough environments. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based localization is a popular technique especially for indoor environments, where satellite based positioning is infeasible. This study evaluates multilateration localization, a popular localization technique, in construction environments as well as a second, profiling-based, localization technique. Both techniques RSSI values collected in a WSN. Indoor experiments were conducted and their results reveal that acceptable position accuracy can be obtained with the profiling-based architecture.
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Area 5 - Obstacles

Short Papers

Paper Nr:	36
Title:	A Near Optimal Algorithm for Lifetime Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:	Karine Deschinkel and Mourad Hakem
Abstract:	In this paper, we introduce an efficient energy-aware algorithm to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSN) by i) organizing/clustering the sensor nodes into disjoint cover sets where each cover set is capable of monitoring all the targets of the region of interest and ii) scheduling these cover sets successively/periodically. This study differs from previous works for the following reasons: i) it achieves near optimal solutions compared to the optimal ones obtained by the exact method and ii) unlike existing algorithms that construct gradually cover sets one after the other, our algorithm builds the different sets in parallel. Simulation results show the efficiency of our algorithm.
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Paper Nr:	14
Title:	A Neural Network and Post-processing for Estimating the Values of Error Data
Authors:	Jihoon Lee, Yousok Kim, Se-Woon Choi and Hyo-Seon Park
Abstract:	A sensor network is a key factor for successful structural health monitoring (SHM). Although stable sensor network system is deployed in the structure for measurement, it is often inevitable to face measurement faults. In order to secure the continuous evaluation of targeted structure in cases where the measurement faults occur, appropriate techniques to estimate omitted or error data are necessary. In this research, back-propagation neural network is adopted as a basic estimation method. Then, a concept of post-processing is proposed to improve an accuracy of estimation obtained from the neural network. The results of simulation to verify performance of estimation are also shown.
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Area 6 - Applications and Uses

Full Papers

Paper Nr:	48
Title:	Inverse Modeling using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Personalized Daylight Harvesting
Authors:	Ryan Paulson, Chandrayee Basu, Alice M. Agogino and Scott Poll
Abstract:	Smart lighting systems in low energy commercial buildings can be expensive to implement and commission. Studies have also shown that only 50% of these systems are used after installation, and those used are not operated at full capacity due to inadequate commissioning and lack of personalization. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have great potential to enable personalized smart lighting systems for real-time model predictive control of integrated smart building systems. In this paper we present a framework for using a WSN to develop a real-time indoor lighting inverse model as a piecewise linear function of window and artificial light levels, discretized by sub-hourly sun angles. Applied on two days of daylight and ten days of artificial light data, this model was able to predict the light level at seven monitored workstations with accuracy sufficient for daylight harvesting and lighting control around fixed work surfaces. The reduced order model was also designed to be used for long term evaluation of energy and comfort performance of the predictive control algorithms. This paper describes a WSN experiment from an implementation at the Sustainability Base at NASA Ames, a living laboratory that offers opportunities to test and validate information-centric smart building control systems.
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Paper Nr:	50
Title:	Landfill Gas Monitoring Network - Development of Wireless Sensor Network Platforms
Authors:	Fiachra Collins, Dylan Orpen, Eoghan McNamara, Cormac Fay and Dermot Diamond
Abstract:	A wireless sensor network has been developed for the application of landfill gas monitoring, specifically sensing methane, carbon dioxide and extraction pressure. This collaborative work with the Irish Environmental Protection Agency has been motivated by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as aiming to improve landfill gas management and utilisation. This paper describes the preliminary findings of an ongoing trial deployment of multiple sensing platforms on an active landfill facility; data has been acquired for nine months to date. The platforms have operated successfully despite adverse on-site conditions, with validity demonstrated by reasonably strong correlation with independent on-site measurements. The increased temporal and spatial resolution provided by distributed sensor platforms is discussed with regard to improving landfill gas management practice.
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Short Papers

Paper Nr:	22
Title:	Design of a Real-time Crowdsourced Mobility Sensor for Public Transportation Networks
Authors:	Marc Pous, Daniel Villatoro, F. Xavier Mercadal and Arol Viñolas
Abstract:	Recently, and with the ever-increasing interest in Smart-city paradigm, urban mobility optimization is becoming an active research area. We are specially focused on the real-time optimization of the Public Transportation Networks, and the passenger flows. In order to achieve such task, it becomes essential to know the state of the network and its load of passengers in real-time. To the best of our knowledge, no existing infrastructure is able to keep track of the amount of public transportation users (and their position) in real time. In this paper we propose a framework architecture that transforms the passengers in active sensors and profit from the information they provide to estimate the actual usage of the network. In order to create an engaging experience for passengers (and incentivize the activation of the mobility sensor) we have implemented a higher level layer which offers users with a trivia-like game, where users compete against other users in real-time, while providing their position on the network.
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Paper Nr:	26
Title:	AAL-Oriented TOF Sensor Network for Indoor Monitoring
Authors:	Giovanni Diraco, Alessandro Leone and Pietro Siciliano
Abstract:	One distinctive feature of ambient assisted living-oriented systems is the ability to provide assistive services in smart environments as elderly people need in their daily life. Since Time-Of-Flight vision technologies are increasingly investigated as monitoring solution able to outperform traditional approaches, in this work a monitoring framework based on a Time-Of-Flight sensor network has been investigated with the aim to provide a wide-range solution suitable in several assisted living scenarios. Detector nodes are managed by a low-power embedded PC to process Time-Of-Flight streams and extract features related with person’s activities. The feature level of detail is tuned in an application-driven manner in order to optimize both bandwidth and computational resources. The event detection capabilities were validated by using data collected in real-home environments.
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Paper Nr:	28
Title:	Mid Sweden University - A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks for Home Healthcare Monitoring Application
Authors:	Jun Tang and Tingting Zhang
Abstract:	In recent years, wireless sensor network technology has become mature. Working together with biomedical engineering, it has enormous potential benefits to improve the lifestyle of human especially for the elderly. This survey mainly focuses on two prototypes of home healthcare monitoring application: daily activities monitoring application and medical status monitoring application. It will present the requirement analysis which starts from the causes of chronic diseases. The paper also discusses challenges for current home healthcare monitoring application. At the last part of the survey, it will give the conclusion and future aspects.
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Paper Nr:	52
Title:	Possible Uses for Animal Tracking and Sensor Data
Authors:	Ragnar Stølsmark and Erlend Tøssebro
Abstract:	What other uses are there for animal tracking? We argue that the location data can be made more useful by analyzing it to determine the future position of animals and optimize farming. Other sensors such as temperature and RFID could be added to increase benefit for both farmers and scientists. Adding more sensors is not trivial and major challenges include energy consumption, cost, size and establishing a market. However these obstacles can be dealt with and the possibility of having mobile sensor platforms available to the public is intriguing.
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