SENSORNETS 2023 Abstracts

Area 1 - Intelligent Data Analysis and Processing for Sensor Networks
Full Papers
Area 2 - Sensor Networks and Architectures
Short Papers
Area 3 - Sensor Networks Applications
Full Papers Short Papers

Area 1 - Intelligent Data Analysis and Processing for Sensor Networks

Full Papers
Paper Nr: 6
Title:

Using Learned Indexes to Improve Time Series Indexing Performance on Embedded Sensor Devices
Authors:

David Ding, Ivan Carvalho and Ramon Lawrence
Abstract: Efficiently querying data on embedded sensor and IoT devices is challenging given the very limited memory and CPU resources. With the increasing volumes of collected data, it is critical to process, filter, and manipulate data on the edge devices where it is collected to improve efficiency and reduce network transmissions. Existing embedded index structures do not adapt to the data distribution and characteristics. This paper demonstrates how applying learned indexes that develop space efficient summaries of the data can dramatically improve the query performance and predictability. Learned indexes based on linear approximations can reduce the query I/O by 50 to 90% and improve query throughput by a factor of 2 to 5, while only requiring a few kilobytes of RAM. Experimental results on a variety of time series data sets demonstrate the advantages of learned indexes that considerably improve over the state-of-the-art index algorithms.
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Area 2 - Sensor Networks and Architectures

Short Papers
Paper Nr: 2
Title:

TSCH Slotframe Optimization Using Differential Evolution Algorithm for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks
Authors:

Aida Vatankhah, Ramiro Liscano and Tarana Ara
Abstract: The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) from the IEEE 802.15.4 standard aims at providing high reliability to industrial wireless networks. One of the most significant challenges in TSCH is determining the schedule. In this paper, we present an algorithm to find an optimal TSCH schedule with the minimum slotframe size that can meet the desired throughput of each node. A customized Differential Evolution (DE) optimization algorithm was developed based on the determination of an interference and collision free transmission graph which has not been used in prior works. Our schedule can encompass sensors with different packet rates and results in a low transmission delay of the data packets. Using Matlab, we performed various complexity analysis to measure the time it takes to find the optimal schedule in different scenarios. Additionally, we implemented the optimal TSCH schedule on TSCH-SIM simulator to confirm that the schedule is working promising. As a result, the high value of the Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) obtained from the simulations verified the schedule performance.
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Area 3 - Sensor Networks Applications

Full Papers
Paper Nr: 4
Title:

On the Path Towards Standardisation of a Sensor API for Forensics Investigations
Authors:

Marco Manso, Bárbara Guerra, Fernando Freire, Roberto Chirico, Nicola Liberatore, René Linder, Ulrike Schröder and Yusuf Yilmaz
Abstract: Forensics investigations need to be conducted efficiently and accurately especially in situations where time is a scarce resource. Novel technologies, like forensic sensors, can aid investigators in trace detection, visualisation, identification and interpretation on site. Arising from the need to connect different sensors to a remote digital management software, a network-enabled Sensor API is proposed to enable any compliant CBRNe Sensor to connect and exchange information in a harmonised and interoperable way. As a result, a Standardisation Workshop agreement, on CBRNe SENSOR API - Network Protocols, Data Formats and Interfaces, was initiated to promote standardisation of the Sensor API. The new proposed standard will allow sensor manufacturers to focus on sensor development work, benefitting from already defined interfaces and data models. Moreover, forensic investigators, acting as end-users, can better understand and analyse (well defined) sensor outputs, thus improving their work efficiency and facilitating technology acceptance.
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Paper Nr: 10
Title:

A Low-Cost Sensors Study Measuring Exposure to Particulate Matter in Mobility Situations
Authors:

Marie-Laure Aix, Mélaine Claitte and Dominique J. Bicout
Abstract: In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified particulate matter (PM) as carcinogenic to humans. It is therefore essential to measure PM concentrations to minimize the exposure of individuals. Our objective was to investigate personal exposure to PM2.5 (PM with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) in Grenoble (France) during commuting in different transportation modes: bike, walk, bus and tramway. PM2.5 measurements were found to be the highest for bikes, followed by walk, bus, and tramway. In this study, conducted in spring during low pollution levels of PM, exposure levels are greatly influenced by the time of day. Pedestrian and cyclists’ exposure generally stayed under background reference values. Exposure in public transportation was usually below reference values, but when background PM2.5 levels went lower (evening), levels registered in the tramway or bus reached those of the reference. Therefore, public transport users could be less exposed than active commuters, except when ambient pollutant levels are low. Environmental parameters like wind might be important in Grenoble, and it would be worthwhile to reproduce this study at a time when wind speed is lower.
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Paper Nr: 15
Title:

A Simulation-Based Testing to Evaluate and Improve a Radar Sensor Performance in a Use Case of Highly Automated Driving Systems
Authors:

Marzana Khatun, Mark Liske, Rolf Jung and Michael Glaß
Abstract: The development of Highly Automated Driving (HAD) systems is necessary for automated vehicles in terms of various complex functionalities. HAD systems consist of complex structures containing different types of sensors. The functionality of HAD systems needs be tested to ensure the overall safety of automated vehicles. Methods such as real-world testing require a large number of driving miles and are enormously expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, simulation-based testing is widely accepted and applicable in the development of HAD systems, including sensor performance improvement. In order to identify the functional insufficiency of such sensors that affect the safety of HAD systems, it is critical to test these sensors extensively under a variety of conditions such as, road types, environment and traffic situations. Based on this motivation, the main contributions of this paper are as follows: First, a simulation-based test concept of radar sensors with methods for the Safety Of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) use case is presented. Second, a specific radar effect is evaluated through simulation-based testing of two different radar models to support and realize the sensor’s functional insufficiency. Finally, the development of a filter is proposed to improve the sensor performance considering the radar specific multipath propagation effects.
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Short Papers
Paper Nr: 3
Title:

SLAE6: Secure and Lightweight Authenticated Encryption Scheme for 6LoWPAN Networks
Authors:

Fatma Foad Ashrif, Elankovan A. Sundarajan, Rami Ahmed and Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
Abstract: The emergence of the Internet of things is highly related to the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their evolving protocols, such as Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). Providing security within a sensor network, including achieving authentication between WSN nodes, is critical. The node and the server create an encryption session key for future communications. Therefore, developing a lightweight and efficient authentication and key establishment (AKE) scheme is imperative. Symmetric cryptographic and public key-based AKE methods have been developed to address these issues. Nevertheless, some known attacks and large communication and computational overheads remain as problems for the developed solutions. This study proposes a secure and lightweight authenticated encryption scheme for 6LoWPAN (SLAE6) that uses a lightweight hash function and an authenticated encryption primitive, known as ACE, to enable the AKE process to occur securely. SLAE6 is effective in dealing with computing and communication complexities while simultaneously withstanding well-known attacks. First, SLAE6 validates the authenticity of information from sensor networks (SNs) and then establishes a secret key between an SN and the server to guarantee security. The proposed system is proven reliable on the basis of the Canetti–Krawczyk and Dolev–Yao threat models. In addition, SLAE6 is logically demonstrated to be exact through Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic. Compared with other schemes, SLAE6 is lightweight, efficient, and requires less bandwidth and shorter execution time.
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Paper Nr: 5
Title:

LoRa Structural Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors:

Mattia Ragnoli, Alfiero Leoni, Gianluca Barile, Vincenzo Stornelli and Giuseppe Ferri
Abstract: The demand for sensor-based information has seen a rapidly increasing demand due to the massive deployment of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems. SHM allows for the analysis aimed to the prediction of forthcoming incidents and enables the evaluation of a structure's status. The advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) structures to retrieve data anytime, everywhere through the internet represents a promising paradigm for SHM. Among the various technologies and topologies that are now evolving, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become well suited for the implementation of monitoring systems, especially in low power wide area network (LPWAN) structures. LoRa modulation technology is a suitable technical solution for sensor node communication. In this study, two LoRa-based systems for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) are presented, located in Sicily and Calabria, Italy. Accelerometric sensors are encapsulated into solar harvesting powered sensor nodes and are used to monitor the variation of inclinations of the mounting location. LoRaWAN gateways interface the nodes towards the internet, enabling the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm for the monitoring solution. In this article, an overview of the system structure is given, with nodes and gateways' hardware features provided. Inclination monitoring using accelerometric data is explained, and real scenario recorded data are given. Brief power analysis for the sensor nodes is also reported.
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Paper Nr: 9
Title:

Triple Pi Sensing to Limit Spread of Infectious Diseases at Workplace
Authors:

Jānis Grabis, Rūta-Pirta Dreimane, Brigita Dejus, Anatolijs Borodiņecs and Rolands Zaharovs
Abstract: Interactions among employees at a workplace facilitate spread of infectious diseases. This paper proposes to integrate traditional IoT sensor data, wastewater analysis and data from organizational information systems for timely identification of threats and adjustment of work activities. The overall approach combining predictive, preventive and prescriptive capabilities is described as well as the overall technical solution is presented. The proposed approach allows tailoring of work activities depending on macro and micro monitoring results in a non-intrusive manner.
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Paper Nr: 11
Title:

Gateway Placement in LoRaWAN Enabled Sensor Networks
Authors:

Batuhan Can, Halit Uyanık and Tolga Ovatman
Abstract: This paper proposes two different approaches to be applied in gateway placement problem in LoRaWAN sensor networks. The first approach is based on finding the minimal set to contain all the coverage intersections of the sensors and the second approach is based on optimization via integer programming over the distance between the gateways and sensors. Our results show that using automated gateway placement provides significantly less number of gateways to be used.
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Paper Nr: 13
Title:

A Survey on Algorithmic Problems in Wireless Systems
Authors:

Simon Thelen, Klaus Volbert and Danilo Weber Nunes
Abstract: Considering the ongoing growth of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the challenges they pose due to their hardware limitations as well as the intrinsic complexity of their interactions, specialized algorithms have the potential to help solving these challenges. We present a survey on recent developments regarding algorithmic problems which have applications in wireless systems and WSNs in particular. Focusing on the intersection between WSNs and algorithms, we give an overview of recent results inside this intersection, concerning topics such as routing, interference minimization, latency reduction, localization among others. Progress on solving these problems could be potentially beneficial for the industry as a whole by increasing network throughput, reducing latency or making systems more energy-efficient. We summarize and structure these recent developments and list interesting open problems to be investigated in future works.
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